IP V4 Protocol

IP Version 4 is the fourth revision of the IP protocol. It is the default protocol used on the internet. IP version 4 is a connectionless protocol for use on packet-switched networks. To understand how IP version 4 peotocol  works, consider this ; The Ip and The TCP protocols combine together to provide a complete network solution. TCP is resposible for keeping messages in order and transmitting data when lost and Ip part is simply responsible for sending packet from one location to another. IP version 4 adresses are 32 bit long they are divided into 4 octels of 8 bits. For example 192.168.0.1. And Ip adress ıdentify your computer and allows other computer to contact yours.

ISO/OSI Model

There are n numbers of users who use computer network and are located over the world. So to ensure

national and worldwide data communication systems can be developed and are compatible to each other. ISO has developed this. ISO stands for International organization of Standardization. This is called a model for open system interconnection (OSI) and is normally called as OSI model. 

The ISO­OSI model consists of seven layer architecture. It defines seven layers or levels in a complete communication system.

ICMP Protocol

ICMP refered to Internet Control Message Protocol, ICMP is a message control and error-reporting protocol between a host server and a gateway to the Internet. ICMP  is a message control and error-reporting protocol between a host server and a gateway to the Internet. ICMP uses Internet Protocol (IP) datagrams, but the messages are processed by the IP software and are not directly apparent to the application user. 

Parameters IP Address

When you connect an Ethernet or Wi-Fi Digi Smart Energy gateway to your LAN, it first tries to acquire an IP address from a router with an enabled DHCP_server on your network. If successful at acquiring the IP address, it pulls in the default gateway and DNS server addresses at the same time if possible. The default gateway address is what tells the gateway how to reach the internet. Most home network routers are automatically configured to serve up IP addresses using DHCP by default. If you don’t have a router on your network or the DHCP server is turned off, there is the ability to configure the IP address and required network information manually.

Configuring IP Addresses

You can configure an IP address on the following types of Layer 3 Switch interfaces:

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Ethernet port

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Virtual routing interface (also called a Virtual Ethernet or “VE”)

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Loopback interface

Network Subnets

A subnet is an identifiably separate part of an organization's network. Typically, a subnet may represent all the machines at one geographic location, in one building, or on the same local area network (LAN). Having an organization's network divided into subnets allows it to be connected to the Internet with a single shared network address. Without subnets, an organization could get multiple connections to the Internet, one for each of its physically separate subnetworks, but this would require an unnecessary use of the limited number of network numbers the Internet has to assign.

Network Classes

Network addressing architecture divides the address space for Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) into five address classes. Each class, coded in the first four bits of the address, defines either a different network size, i.e. number of hosts for unicast addresses (classes A, B, C), or multicast network (class D). The fifth class (E) address range is reserved for future or experimental purposes. Knowing network classes becomes an issue when you deal with routing.

Class A

Class A addresses are IP addresses that are assigned to network devices, such as computers, and include all addresses in which the first bit of the first octet is set to 0 (zero). This includes all values from 00000001 to 01111111, or 1 to 127. For Class A networks, the first octet represents a network ID that is defined in the address by a subnet mask.

Class B

Class B addresses are IP addresses that are assigned to network devices, such as computers, and include all addresses in which the first two bits of the first octet are 10. This includes all values from 10000000 to 10111111, or 128 to 191.

Class C

Class C addresses are IP addresses that are assigned to network devices, such as computers, and include all addresses in which the first three bits of the first octet are set to 110. This includes all values from 11000000 to 11011111, or 192 to 223.

Class D

Class D network addresses are not assigned to devices on a network. These addresses are used for special-purpose, multicast applications (such as video- and audio-streaming applications).

These addresses all need to be registered with IANA to be used globally. Addresses in this class have the first bits of the first octet set to 1110, yielding addresses in the first octet ranging from 11100000 to 11101111, or 224 to 239. These addresses are not defined by a normal subnet mask; instead, each address is used for a specific purpose. And because each address is individually used, it uses a 255.255.255.255 mask.

Class E

If Class D is special, Class E addresses are even more special. There is no defined use for this address class. Officially, it is listed as reserved for usage and testing by IANA and the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF). In fact, as of RFC3330 in 2002, Class E was updated to “reserved for future use.”

Network Mask

A mask used to determine what subnet an IP address belongs to. An IP address has two components, the network address and the host address. For example, consider the IP address 150.215.017.009. Assuming this is part of a Class B network, the first two numbers (150.215) represent the Class B network address, and the second two numbers (017.009) identify a particular host on this network.

Routing Table

A routing table is a set of rules, often viewed in table format, that is used to determine where data packets traveling over an Internet Protocol (IP) network will be directed.

Routing tables can be maintained manually or dynamically. Tables for static network devices do not change unless a network administrator manually changes them. In dynamic routing, devices build and maintain their routing tables automatically by using routing protocols to exchange information about the surrounding network topology. Dynamic routing tables allow devices to "listen" to the network and respond to occurrences like device failures and network congestion.

Default Gateway

The default gateway is the device, usually a router, that passes network data from the local network (the devices at your home or business) to other networks (like the Internet).In most cases in basic networks, the important part of the default gateway is the IP address that is assigned to that device - again, usually a router.This IP address is often referred to as the gateway IP .

Lookup

In computer science, a lookup table is an array that replaces runtime computation with a simpler array indexing operation. The savings in terms of processing time can be significant, since retrieving a value from memory is often faster than undergoing an 'expensive' computation or input/output operation

Broadcast

Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and/or video content to a dispersed audience via any electronic mass communications medium, but typically one using the electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves), in a one-to-many model.[1] Broadcasting began with AM radio broadcasting which sprang up spontaneously around 1920. Before this, all forms of electronic communication, radio, telephone, and telegraph, were "one-to-one", with the message intended for a single recipient.

Subnet Addressing

Subnet adressing It is called a subnet mask because it is used to identify network address of an IP address by perfoming a bitwise AND operation on the netmask. A Subnet mask is a 32-bit number that masks an IP address, and divides the IP address into network address and host address.

One way of accomplishing this address conservation is to take the address that is assigned to your network and expand the capacity with subnets. Subnetting allows you to increase the number of networks available to you without applying for another IP address number.

Private Network Address

Private networks allow you to access your guest machine by some address that is not publicly accessible from the global internet. In general, this means your machine gets an address in the private address space.

Multiple machines within the same private network (also usually with the restriction that they're backed by the same provider) can communicate with each other on private networks.

Network Address Translation

NAT (Network Address Translation or Network Address Translator) is the translation of an Internet Protocol address (IP address) used within one network to a different IP address known within another network.

NAT is the translation of an Internet Protocol address (IP address) used within one network to a different IP address known within another network. One network is designated the inside network and the other is the outside. Typically, a company maps its local inside network addresses to one or more global outside IP addresses and unmaps the global IP addresses on incoming packets back into local IP addresses.

RIPE

Réseaux IP Européens (RIPE, French for "European IP Networks") is a forum open to all parties with an interest in the technical development of the Internet. The RIPE community’s objective is to ensure that the administrative and technical coordination necessary to maintain and develop the Internet continues. It is not a standards body like the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and does not deal with domain names like ICANN.

ICANN

ICANN is an acronym for the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, a global multi-stakeholder organization that was created and empowered through actions by the U.S. government and its Department of Commerce. It coordinates the Internet DNS, IP addresses and autonomous system numbers, which involves a continued management of these evolving systems and the protocols that underly them.

As the speed and port density of switches and routers increase, the design strain on interconnect within these systems become more difficult. This article discusses the various options today's designers have to help circumvent this bottleneck.

Physical Layer Solutions

Switch and router backplane design is one of the most difficult problems faced by system engineers. Increasing port speeds from 10 Mbps Ethernet to 100 Mbps, next to 1 Gbps (and soon to 10 Gbps), increases the strain on the interconnect or backplane within the box.